AAAR 31st Annual Conference
October 8-12, 2012
Hyatt Regency Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Abstract View
Physico-chemical Assessment of Biodiesel Vehicle Fuel Exhaust Emissions and the Effect of New Emission Control Devices: The EMITTED Study
NAOMI ZIMMERMAN, Krystal J. Godri, Terry Jung, Cheol-Heon Jeong, Josephine Cooper, James S. Wallace, Greg J. Evans, SOCAAR, University of Toronto
Abstract Number: 593 Working Group: Instrumentation and Methods
Abstract Diesel emissions from vehicles may be controlled using tailipipe fitted technologies including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) and diesel particulate filters (DPFs). Emission control technologies primarily target regulated pollutants (e.g. particulate matter, PM; NOx); however, reaction products of other emitted, and potentially toxic, species are poorly characterized, in particular for new diesel fuel types. The EMITTED study comprehensively characterised the physical and chemical properties of particulate and gaseous biodiesel exhaust with the objective of assessing contrasting emission characteristics with respect to adverse biological responses to elucidate toxicologically relevant emission parameters.
An off-road direct injection diesel engine (Cummins B3.9, 1997) was operated under modes 2 and 9 of the ISO8178 emission test cycle. Emissions were generated using a 20/80 blend of biodiesel, either soy (NEXOL BD99.9) or animal-based (Rothsay), and a commercially available ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel. Measurements were taken upstream and downstream of the separate DOC and DPF units to isolate their individual effect on resultant physico-chemical particulate properties.
Exhaust emissions were characterised along three sampling lines: 1) real-time measurement of gaseous regulated (NOx, CO2, THC, O2, CO2) and unregulated (CH2O, N2O, SO2, NH3) pollutants with a MKS MultiGas 2030-HS; 2) collection of a liquid impinged PM solution for measurement of toxicologically relevant organic (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones) and metal species; and 3) dilution in a rotary disk thermodiluter (TSI 379020A) for real-time determination of particle size distribution from 5.6 to 560 nm (TSI EEPS 3090 and TSI FMPS), black carbon mass concentration (DMT PASS-3, Magee AE-21), and non-refractory particle chemical composition (Aerodyne ACSM). The latter particle sampling line was additionally operated with a thermodenuder (Dekati) to assess the contribution of volatile components to exhaust measurements.
This ongoing study will support the development of improved emission control systems, and identify toxicologically relevant parameters for future emissions regulation.