AAAR 36th Annual Conference October 16 - October 20, 2017 Raleigh Convention Center Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Emission Factors of Fine Particulate Matter, Organic and Elemental Carbon, Carbon Monoxide, and Carbon Dioxide for Solid Fuels Commonly Used for Heating Navajo Homes
Wyatt Champion, Lea Connors, LUPITA MONTOYA, University of Colorado Boulder
Abstract Number: 677 Working Group: Indoor Aerosols
Abstract Most homes in the Navajo Nation use wood as their primary heating fuel, often in combination with locally-mined coal. Previous studies observed health effects linked to this solid-fuel use in several Navajo communities. Emission factors (EF) for common fuels used by the Navajo have not been reported using a relevant stove type. In this study, two softwoods (Ponderosa Pine and Utah Juniper) and two high-volatile bituminous coals (Black Mesa and Fruitland) were tested with an in-use residential conventional wood stove (homestove) using a modified ASTM/EPA protocol. Filter sampling quantified PM2.5, and organic and elemental carbon in the emissions. Real-time monitoring quantified CO, CO2, and TSP. EF for these air pollutants were developed and normalized to both fuel mass and energy consumed. In general, coal had significantly higher mass emission factors than wood for all pollutants studied. In particular, coal emitted, on average, 10 times more PM2.5 than wood on a mass basis, and 2.4 times more on an energy basis. The EF developed here were based on fuel types, stove design, and operating protocols relevant to the Navajo Nation, but they could be useful to other Native Nations with similar practices, like the nearby Hopi Nation.