10th International Aerosol Conference
September 2 - September 7, 2018
America's Center Convention Complex
St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Aircraft Particle Emission from Sustainable Alternative Fuels: Results from Ground Measurements during the NASA/DLR Flight Campaigns ECLIF and ND-MAX

TOBIAS SCHRIPP, Prem Lobo, Joel Corbin, Gregory Smallwood, Ewan Crosbie, Claire Robinson, Michael Shook, Patrick Oßwald, Markus Köhler, DLR

     Abstract Number: 1144
     Working Group: Combustion

Abstract
There is a large effort underway worldwide to reduce the environmental impacts of aviation through the use of approved alternative fuels blended with conventional Jet A/Jet A-1 (up to 50%). These fuels have been shown to dramatically reduce non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions. There is also an on-going effort at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to develop a correction factors for nvPM emission to account for changes in fuel composition in the development of the regulatory standard.

Within the framework of the combined Emissions and CLimate Impact of alternative Fuels (ECLIF) and ND-MAX campaigns, a series of ground measurements were performed on an Airbus A320-232 "D-ATRA” with V2527 engines at the Ramstein Air Base in Germany. Four different fuels were selected for the campaign due to their expected particle formation potential. Two Jet A reference fuels with low sulfur content and different aromatic contents (19.2 v% and 15.0 v%) were used. The reference fuels were also used to prepare two blends with hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) in the range of 49% and 30%. These blends featured 9 v% and 10.1 v% total aromatics, but differed in their chemical composition.

The A320 was operated between idle (23% N1 fan speed) and maximum continuous thrust (82% N1) in discrete power settings that were held stable for approx. 8 min. The particle emission was monitored with particle instruments for size distribution (SMPS, EEPS, OPS), number (CPC), and mass (LII, CAPS, PAX, PSAP, MAAP). In the intermediate thrust settings (60% N1), a reduction in particle emission in the range of 40% can be observed. The difference is negligible at MCT conditions. The decrease in nvPM emissions of the blended fuels relative to the reference fuels was strongly correlated with fuel hydrogen content, which validates the model developed for ICAO.