10th International Aerosol Conference September 2 - September 7, 2018 America's Center Convention Complex St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Chemical Characterization of Combustion Aerosols Related to Wood Combustion and Internal Combustion Engines
THORSTEN STREIBEL, Hendryk Czech, Jürgen Orasche, Toni Miersch, Martin Sklorz, Johannes Passig, Olli Sippula, Jorma Jokiniemi, Benjamin Stengel, Bert Buchholz, Ralf Zimmermann, University of Rostock and Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Germany
Abstract Number: 1516 Working Group: Combustion
Abstract Combustion related aerosol emissions exhibit a considerable impact on human health and the climate. They contribute to a large extent to the formation of ambient aerosol, which is known to cause adverse health effects. Although the association between ambient aerosols and adverse health effects is very well established by epidemiology, it is still not well understood which aerosol fractions or properties are responsible for the observed effects.
For a better understanding of these interrelations, a thorough chemical characterization of the emitted aerosol from various combustion sources is of high importance. In the framework of the Virtual Helmholtz Institute HICE, several measurement campaigns have been carried out devoted to a comprehensive analysis of gas phase products and particles produced by different combustion sources. Utilized measurement techniques comprised on-line methods based on photo-ionization mass spectrometry for real time analysis of gas phase components, and filter sampling for particulate matter followed by chemical analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A second analytical method for chemical characterization of particles consisted in a hyphenation between a thermal/optical carbon analyzer and a photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
For example, the consumption of fuel wood as a renewable energy source is rising in developing and industrialized countries because of environmental, economic and political aspects. Aerosol emissions of state-of-the-art wood combustion compliances, namely a logwood operated masonry heater with air-staged secondary air supply and a pellet boiler have been investigated. For the masonry heater, spruce and pine wood served as fuel. Pine wood emitted significantly higher amounts of organic compounds than spruce wood. The pellet boiler showed considerable lower emission factors with respect to organic substances. An interesting aspect was the observation from simultaneous exposure experiments with lung cell cultures, that compared to diesel exhaust wood combustion aerosol exhibited less severe biological responses on transcriptome and proteome level, although it emitted higher concentrations of aromatic species.
Aging of the emitted aerosol was realized by a flow-tube reactor to investigate the potential of wood combustion aerosol for the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol.
A second combustion source consisted of a gasoline engine test bench. The engine was run with gasoline containing 10 % of ethanol and with E85, a mixture of 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline. Two driving cycles were applied, one reflecting urban traffic, the other driving with high velocities between 80 and 180 km/h for four hours. E85 showed much lower emission of particles and aromatic species, but high gas phase emissions of unconsummated ethanol and acetaldehyde. Driving with high velocities using E10 fuel led to a perceptible increase of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions.