10th International Aerosol Conference September 2 - September 7, 2018 America's Center Convention Complex St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Laboratory Investigation of Oxidation Products from Ozonolysis of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Emissions
CLAIRE FORTENBERRY, Michelle Molina, Walton Sumner, Brent Williams, Washington University in St. Louis
Abstract Number: 1588 Working Group: Indoor Aerosols
Abstract Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) have become increasingly popular alternatives to traditional cigarettes since they were first marketed in 2004 [1]. Popular perception and recent literature suggest that ENDS are less harmful to users and bystanders than conventional cigarettes due to reduced production of typical combustion products [2]. These perceptions are likely to increase indoor use, as endorsed by many vendors [1]. However, indoor use will increase reactions of ENDS emissions with indoor oxidants such as ozone during and after ENDS use. Reactive constituents in ENDS emissions include aldehydes, glycol, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), and silicates [3], and vary with the nearly 8000 reported flavors available for purchase [4]. Furthermore, toxicant concentrations can vary due to the multitude of available ENDS designs. Additionally, ENDS emissions may, like cigarette smoke [5], deposit on indoor surfaces, oxidize, and resuspend, thereby contributing to indoor particulate matter (PM). Indoor oxidants therefore could affect first, second, and third-hand exposures related to ENDS emissions. These exposures have not been characterized.
We present results from laboratory studies to characterize the effects of indoor ozone oxidation on ENDS particles and gases. A Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph (TAG), which pairs automated sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis at hourly time resolution [6], was used to collect and analyze particle- and gas-phase emissions from ENDS devices. Many TAG systems feature collection of particles via inertial impaction onto a collection and thermal desorption (CTD) cell. We have modified our TAG system to include a temperature-controlled gas collector installed in parallel with the traditional CTD cell, which can collect material as volatile as formic acid.
The emissions of an ENDS device were introduced into a Potential Aerosol Mass oxidative flow reactor to investigate the effects of ozone exposure. We present the chemical speciation of gas- and particle-phase material from three popular e-liquid flavors and evaluate changes in abundances of key compounds with oxidation conditions.
[1] Rom, O., Pecorelli, A., Valacchi, G., Reznick, A. Z., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1340 (1), 65-74, 2015. [2] Burstyn, I., BMC Public Health, 14(18), 2014. [3] WHO, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS/ENNDS), http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/statements/electronic-cigarettes-january-2017/en/ (accessed Jan 31, 2017) [4] Zhu, S. H., Sun, J. Y., Bonnevie, E., Cumins, S. E., Gamst, A, Yin, L., Lee, M., Tob Control, 23(3), iii3-iii9, 2014. [5] Sleiman, M., Logue, J. M., Luo, W., Pankow, J. F., Gundel, L. A., Destaillats, H., Environ Sci Technol, 48(22), 13093-13101, 2014. [6] Williams, B. J., Goldstein, A. H., Kreisberg, N. M., Hering, S. V., Aerosol Sci Technol, 40(8), 627-638, 2006.