10th International Aerosol Conference September 2 - September 7, 2018 America's Center Convention Complex St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Temporal Variation of Particles Suspended (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) and Composition Chemistry of PM10 in San Francisco de Campeche, México
ALBERTO ANTONIO ESPINOSA GUZMÁN, Javier Reyes Trujeque, Javier Miranda, Juan Carlos Pineda SantaMaría, Ana Luisa Alarcón Jímenez, María del Carmen Torres Barrera, Rodolfo Sosa Echevería, Autonomus University of Campeche
Abstract Number: 1599 Working Group: Aerosol Physics
Abstract Air pollution is a global problem that affects both natural environment and human health. Currently, this issue is specially studied due to the higher demand on cleaner environment with low air pollution levels at urban areas, where a better life quality is desirable. In Mexico, studies on atmospheric particles and their effects on air quality and environmental impact, are widely developed in densely populated urban sites. That is the case of metropolitan areas such as Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey. Moreover, in Mexico smaller cities, such as San Francisco de Campeche (SFC), there is lack of air quality studies, including those related with atmospheric particles. SFC is located on the West coast of the Yucatan Peninsula in the state of Campeche, México.
SFC is bordering by the Gulf of Mexico. It is in the middle of a small valley, limited N, E by small hills. At the W, the Bay of Campeche delimits its coastal area. Some of those hills are subjected to continuous erosion episodes, building of residential developments, or are used to extract materials for construction. These very aggressive activities affect the land, causing dust storms, especially during the dry season. The last one increases local levels of atmospheric particles. During the spring, the City is regularly affected by the traditional farmlands burning produced at the region in order to prepare crops. Also, there appear numerous natural forest fires during dry periods, something that potentially could increase the content of pollutants in the atmosphere. In the last decade SFC increased its population by 17.3% (nowadays around 280,000 inhabitants). Also, the increase in the number of cars rinse the City with one of the most higher number of vehicles per capita in the country. The devices was installed on the roof of the “SEMARNTACAM”, it is located (19.82 N, -90.53 W), at the historic center of the city. The area is characterized by an intense economical and official activities. In this area, important traffic jams can be observed in streets surrounding the buildings along the day.
Elemental analysis for three fractions (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) was determined by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Samples were collected on 8 "x10" quartz fiber filters (Whatman). High volume samplers (Tisch Environment) were used, according to the Official Mexican Standard NOM-035-SEMARNAT-1993. An ion analysis was also carried out for the PM10 fraction, using the Ion Chromatography (IC) technique. The sampling period was from November 1st 2014 to October 30th 2015, each three days during 24 hour. Sampling initiated at 8:00 am.
XRF indicated the presence of Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Sr predominant elements. Cluster analysis (AC) determined associations between: K and S; due to smoke emissions probably from the burning of crop fields; Cr, Mn, Cu, (industrial emissions); Ca, Ti and Fe (raising dust). Ionic analysis determined the species: Na+, K+, Mg 2+, Ca+ 2, Cl-, NO-3, SO4-2, HCO3- and high concentrations were of SO4-2, Cl- , Na+, in dry season for this study. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to ion concentration in PM10 indicating that the contribution the Na+, Cl- and Mg 2+ is due for marine aerosol, Ca2+ due crustal origin and NO-3, SO4-2 suggests vehicular emissions. Also back-trajectories models showed that biomass burning at farming areas affects the concentration of TSP and PM10 during the dry season.