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Estimation of PM2.5 Exfiltration Factor from Biomass Cooking
Jyoti Jyotsana, Gupta Anurag, CHIMURKAR NAVINYA, Harish C Phuleria, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Abstract Number: 78
Working Group: Indoor Aerosols
Abstract
The Particulate matter (PM) emissions from the biomass burning is known to adversely affect human health as well as climate. Most climate models and national/regional emission inventories assume complete exfiltration of the emitted PM from the indoor spaces, however in real scenario exfiltration depends on the type of biomass fuel used, stove types and kitchen ventilation. In this study, we examine the exfiltration factor for PM2.5 from different biomass fuels used for cooking in households. As part of the NCAP-COALESCE project (https://ncapcoalesce.iitb.ac.in/) field surveys were conducted across rural India for obtaining the biomass fuel usages, kitchen and homes characteristics. The simulated cooking experiments are conducted in the laboratory condition (mock kitchen) as well as in resident indoor kitchens using different biomass inside IIT Bombay campus in Mumbai, India. The real time concentration of pollutants before, during and after the cooking event are measured using portable gas and PM analysers. Exfiltration factor is determined based on the difference in decay slope estimated by using mass balance for various fuel-device combinations. The field survey data revealed 79% households in four districts in Western rural India (out of 588 total households surveyed) cook indoors. As a result of different government schemes such as “PMUY” and “Give It Up” campaign in 2016, the biomass fuel use had dropped but 30% still use traditional stove (TS) for primary cooking while 37% use it for secondary cooking in Western India. We find that PM2.5 during cooking is 28 times higher than the background concentration (65 ± 16 ug/m3) while CO exceeds 6 times the background levels (1 ± 0.04 ppm). PM2.5 exfiltration factor for mock kitchen using firewood, dung cake and crop residue fuels is 73 ± 16 %, 60 ± 8 % and 49 ± 27 %, respectively. PM2.5 exfiltration for the actual residential homes is 45 ± 23 % and 35 ± 16% for traditional and improved stoves, respectively. Thus, range of exfiltration vary with different fuel-stove combinations. Subject to conducive conditions for field measurements, the exfiltration factor will be estimated in rural households in Maharashtra and Gujarat as well.